cc 






c;< 
c< 
c< 

c 

ore « 

c 

«c 

<cc .<_ 

'-v <^ 

cc 

• CC <L 

C 

cC C 

c 5 

|C « % 
c< ^c 

xc 

XX <' c 
cc cc 

CC 

cc. • '< 

CC vC 
" CC v ( 






-(., 
- 



<^ ( 



CC 
c C 

w 

c c 

cc: 

■<-<C 



>£ 



lee c 
c 
c 
c 

c 

*ccr 

<cc 



c C 
l c 

c 



i c 



VcV*'' - *- ^ -"^ w^Sfc'OWv; 



I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 3 



fcw^^iUft^ ^k 1 " 






Shelf ,2>U 






N UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. $ 



c c 



C <% 



<c 

c c: < <c 

« c c <c 

^ cc <3C 

c< 



c?C 



c 
c 






< 

: 



cc «! ■ 

a: m 

CC < 

CC c 



■ : C ' 



c c 



<*L f.C.C 



cr 

C 
c 







C * 
c c «c <c . <C? 

*c c <«c cl *3~:c 

"c < 

c < 



CC 



c c 

CC 

CC 
CC 

cc 

CC 

c c 



cat fSv 

■. 

c <r 

c a: <& 

c cc c«L 



CC 
' c c 
"c 
cc 

c< 

CC 

( 



V:C 
«C C C^ 

«c G 



lec 



ccc 



d cc 
c cc 

Tec 
cc 
cc 

c~cc 



c<& <^ 






0~< 

c C 



CC 
. CC 

cc 

x c 









C«SC 

«C«SC" 

<c«c 



c.«c: 



CATALOGUE 



OF THE 






AT THE 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 



IN 



xxxx*.£lx3:e2XjFxxx.a, 



BY 



JOSE DE SALDANHA DA GAMA, D. PH. 

MEMBER OF THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSION AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE 
POLYTECHNICAL SCHOOL OF RIO DE JANEIRO, ETC., ETC. 



IVE W YORK : 

"O Novo Mundo" Printing Office, 39 Park Row. 

1876. 



CATALOGUE 



OF THE 



Products of[ fliq Icagiliatt iovtslf 



AT THE 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 



IN 



DELPHIA, 



BY 



JOSE DE SALDANHA DA GAMA, D. PH. 

MEMBER OF THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSION AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE 
POLYTECHNICAL SCHOOL OF BIO DE JANEIRO, ETC., ETC. 




NEW YORK: 
" O Novo Mundo " Printing Office, 39 Park Row. 

1876. 



fr 






V 

•^ 




CATALOGUE 



OF THE 



PRODUCTS OF THE BRAZILIAN FORESTS. 



The most notable portion of the Exposition from Brazil, 
in Philadelphia, is that which is placed in the Agricultural 
Hall, comprehending the many varieties of her agricultural 
industry and the beautiful specimens of the different woods 
from her immense forests. To describe them all, one by 
one, would be a task requiring great exertion and much 
space ; the coffee and the, cotton alone would be quite suf- 
ficient for subjects of an extensive memorial, if we had to 
describe them and demonstrate the importance of their cul- 
tivation in the vast territory of the Empire of Brazil. 

It is our intention only to condense into a brief catalogue 
the principal types of her flora that are represented at the 
great Exposition in Fairmount Park, and to show, in simple 
language, some of its applications. 

It is proper to enumerate in this report, the plants called 
secular, which are worthy of the greatest attention for all 
purposes of civil engineering, and which are not excelled by 
any others from any part of the globe. 

The specimens figuring in the Brazilian section, belong 
to different expositors, and to several provinces of the Em- 
pire, as follow : 

A collection from the province of Alagoas, exhibited by 
Mr. Cavalcante. 

Another from the province of Parana, by Dr. Hermelino 
de Leao. 

One from the province of Maranhao, by the respective 
provincial Commission. 

One from the province of Rio de Janeiro, by the Baron 
de Villa de Franca. 

One from the municipality of Campos, by Jose Joaquim 
de Araujo e Silva. 



— 4 — 

One from the province of Sao Paulo, by different exhib- 
itors. 

One from Bahia, Dr. Borja Castro being the principal ex- 
hibitor, and finally, some woods from Para and Amazonas, 
taken from highly esteemed species, used there for building 
purposes. 

For the assistance of strangers in examining the immense 
resources of our sylvan products, they will find in the follow- 
ing table a list, according to the botanical names of those 
which most recommend themselves for all the purposes of 
industry : 

Order of Anonaceae. 

Guatteria alba. All. — For interior work. 
Anona palustris. 

Order of Guttiferous. 

Calophyllum brasilienst. — A tree yielding resin. 
Symphonia globulifera. — Yields the pitch called Ounany. 
Platonia insignis. — A fruit tree of the northern province. 

Order of Hypericineae. 
Vismia guyanansis . Aubl. — A tree yielding wax, or red gum. 

Order of Leguminous. 

Dipteria adorata. D. C. — Produces the Tonka bean. 

Dalbergia nigra. All. — Used for making rich and elegant 
furniture and cabinet making. It is al- 
ready known in the United States and Eu- 
rope as one of the palisendres. 

Machcerium allemani. Bt. — For railroad sleepers and other 
works, especially those used under water. 

Machcerium firmum. Bt. — Another pa/ise?idre used for cabi- 
net making. 

Machcerium violaceum. Bt. — Used for same purposes as the 
preceding. 

Machcerium scleroxylon. All. — For works under water. 

Machcerium incorruptibile. Mart. — The same as preceding. 

Centrolobium robustum. Mart. — For gates and boards. It is 
easily ignited. 



— 5 — 

Centrolobium parenese. — For cabinet making. 

Myrocarpus frondosus. All. — For interior works. 

Myrocarpus fastigiatus . All. — The same as preceding. 

Myroxylon peruiferum. — For hubs for wheels and for carri- 
ages ; an essential oil exhudes from it. 

Andira anthehnintica. — For interior work and gates. It is a 
vermifuge. 

Andira vermifuga. — The same as the preceding. 

Andira stipulacca. — For the same purposes as the preceding. 

Andira spectabilis. Said. — For works exposed to the air. 

Bowdichia virgilioides . Mart. — For keels of vessels, piles and 
railroad sleepers. 

Ferreria spectabilis. All. — For sleepers and building purposes. 

Vouacapoua americana. Aubl. — This is the Teak of Brazil, 
and used for naval constructions. 

Apuleia praecox. Mart. — For gates and the large spoons 
used by confectioners. 

Apuleia ferrea. Mart. — For sleepers and piles. 

Hymencea Courbaril. L. — For railroad cars ; the bark is 
used for canoes by Indians ; copal resin 
for varnish. 

Peltogyne guarubu. All. — For carriage wheels, beams, etc. 

Peltogyne discolor. Vog. — For the same purposes as the pre- 
ceding. 

Cceesalpinea echinata. Lam. — For works under water, sleep- 
ers, etc. 

Ccesalpinea ferrea. Mart. — For works under water, sleepers 
etc. 

Copaifera bracteata. Lam. — Used as a rope for tying ; it is 
of remarkable elasticity. 

Hematoxylon Campechiamwi. — The Campeche or dye-wood. 

Omphalobhwi Lambertii. — This is excellent for cabinet mak- 
ing purposes. 

Schizolobium excels um. — For fishing canoes. 

Melanoxylon brauna. Sch. — For posts and railroad sleepers. 

Cassia brasiliana. Law. — For wheels ; it lasts on an average, 
ten years ; the fruit is a purge, the tree is 
tanniferous. 

EchyrospermiiM Balthasarii. All. — For cabinet making, beau- 
tiful furniture, etc. 



— 6 — 

Zoliernia mocitayba. — For underground work and railroad 
sleepers. 

Acacia angico. Mart. — For furniture, naval constructions, 
keels, etc. ; it yields the gum Angica, sim- 
ilar to gum Arabic. 

Enterolobium lutescens. All. — For building purposes. 

Stryphnodendron barbatimao. — The bark is highly astringent. 

Acacia Jurema. Mart. — 

Order of Myrtaceae. 

Couratari legalis. — For boards and boxes. 

Conratari estrellensis. — For the same purposes. 

Lecythis Pisonis. — For works under water and railroad sleep- 
ers ; good tow is taken from the corsical 
layers. 

Lecythis lanceolata. — For the same purposes; it also yields 
good tow, aud the seeds are good to eat. 

Lecythis coriacea. — It is but little known. 

Lecythis angustifolia. — Is also little known. 

Bertholetia excelsa. — A very large tree which bears the cele- 
brated Brazil nuts ; the bark makes good 
tow. 

Abbevillea mascalantha. — But little used in building. 

Couratari tauari. — The layers of the bark are a very good 
substitute for papel wrapping for cigarettes. 

Order of Laurineae. 

Nectandra mollis. — A kind of wood used in all works ex- 
posed to the air. 

Nectandra amara. — For the same purposes. 

Nectandra leucochyrsus. — For boards. 

Silvia navalium. All. — For timber for tanneries and boat- 
builders. 
The Itaubas of the Amazon (Acrodiclidium and Oreoda- 

phnes) are not represented; there are, however, numerous 

specimens of the Embuias of Parana, of the order Laurineas, 

the beauty of which is very exceptional. 



— 7 — 

Order of Apocyneae. 

Aspidosperma Gomesianum. D. C. — It is a beautiful wood 
for rich furniture, and also for decks and 
knees of Brazilian vessels of war. 

Aspidosperma olivaceum. Mul. — Makes excellent handles for 
tools, is good for furniture, and especially 
for picture frames. 

Hancornia speciosa. Gom. — A bush that yields caoutchouc 
of good quality. 

Ha?icornia pubescens . Gom. — Of little utility. 

Order of Sapotaceae. 

Mimusops data. All. — India-rubber is extracted from the 
trunk of this tree ; the wood is excellent 
railroad sleepers, posts and and naval con- 
structions. 

Mimusops balata. — Also yields India-rubber, and the wood is 
as useful as the preceding. 

Chrysophyllum glydphlceum. Cas. — The bark is sweet; the 
wood is used for canoe paddles. 

Others of the Lucuma and Chrysophyllum species are also 
lacteal, but of less importance. 

Order of Meliceae. 

Cedrela brasiliensis. Mart. — Called Acajou in French, a 
species of the same order as the Mahog- 
any of Jamaica; it is good for doors, win- 
dows, fancy boxes and canoes. 

Cabralea cangerana. Vil. — Excellent for posts, rafters and 
sleepers. 

Trichilia catigod. S. H. — Remarkable as a dye and for 
medicinal purposes. 

Carapa guyanensis. Aubl. — Valued on the Amazon princi- 
pally for its oil, called Andiroba oil. 

Order of Euphorbiaceae. 

Siphonia dastica. — This species, as well as others, is remark- 
able for the caoutchouc that is extracted 
from the latex, of which more than four 
million kilogrammes are annually exported. 



— 8 — 

Jatropha elastiea. — Yields the caoutchouc of Manitoba, al- 
ready exported from the province of 
Ceara. 

Hieronima alchornioides . All. — A red wood, but little used. 

Order of Therebinthaceae. 

Astronium urundeuva. — All. — Splendid timber for use under 
water, for railroad sleepers, &c. 

Astronium fraxinifolium. Sch. — Good for fine furniture, 
pianos and works exposed to the air. 

Idea Icicariba. Aubl. — Remarkable for the aromatic and 
medicinal gum that exhudes from the 
trunk. 

Idea guyanensis. Aubl. — An incense-tree, from the Valley 
of the Amazon, the aroma of which re- 
sembles that of the incense of Asia (Bos- 
wdia.) 

Bursera leptophloeus . — Emburana, whose resinous gum has a 
very agreeable perfume. 

Order of Artocarpeae and Moreae. 

Brosimum discolor. Vog. — A very heavy wood, of which 
they make the celebrated walking-canes 
called Muirape'nima (bois de lettres,) and 
also beautiful picture frames. 

Brosimum conduru. All. — A wood of rare beauty, for cabi- 
net purpose. 

Madura affinis. Mig. — Tatajuba for dyeing; it is a lacteal. 

Madura tinctoria. — With the same properties as the fore- 
going. 

Order of Rubiaceae. 

Pinckneya rubescens. Said. — Arariba — A red wood, which 

makes beautiful boards. 
Pifickneya viridiflora. Said. — Arariba, white, is only used 

as boards, for ceilings and partitions. 
Genipa brasiliensis. — Very much used in Brazil for railroad 
cars. 



Order of Coniferae. 

Araucaria brasiliana. Rich. — The Brazilian pine. This is 
a gigantic tree of the temperate zone, of 
the provinces of Rio Grande do Sul, Pa- 
rana, Santa Catharina, Sao Paulo and 
Minas Geraes. It makes splendid boards, 
masts and spars for vessels, and is good for 
works exposed to the weather. The knots 
of bases of the limbs are well adapted for 
joiners' work, of which there are many- 
specimens in the Main Building. The sap 
is exactly like the turpentine of Europe 
and the United States. The seeds are 
much sought as an article of food, and as 
such are of great value. A National 
Company was incorporated for the pur- 
pose of furnishing to Brazilian and for- 
eign markets the timber of this tree for 
extensive use. 

Order of Bignoneaceae. 

Tabebuia leucantha. Gom. A small bush bearing white 
flowers, whose light, white wood is only 
fit for Tamancos (wooden slippers) and 
rough musical instruments for the back 
woods of Brazil. 

Jaca7'anda procera.—A tall bush, whose leaves are recom- 
mended as depuratives. 

Tecoma sp. — Ype Tabaco. The sawdust of which produces 
the same effect as tobacco, and furnishes 
a yellowish dye. The layers of the bark 
are used to wrap cigarettes, and the wood 
for all the purposes of engineering, posts, 
railroad sleepers, etc. 

Tecoma curialis. All. and Said. — Ipe roxo or pas d'arco 
(Bowwood). Very good for use under 
water. 

Tecoma chrysantha. D. C. — Has the same application as the 
preceding. 



— 10 — 

Order of Proteaceae. 

Rhopala brasiliensis. Kunt. — In Brazil, this species and 
others of the same genus are called Cutu- 
canhe. The wood is characterized by the 
coarseness of the grain and the regularity 
and number of the medullar rays; it is 
used for rafters, flooring for bridges, 
poles, &c. 

Rhopala obtusata. — From the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, and 
is used for the same purpose as the pre- 
ceding, and many others of the same 
family. 

Order of Cordiaceae. 

Cordia excel sa. D. C. — For boards inside the houses, ceil- 
ings, &c. At the age ot eight years the 
trees are fit for use. 

Cordia alliodora. — This is a small tree, but used for the same 
purpose as the foregoing. 

Cordia oncocalyx. All. — The Pao-branco (white wood) of 
the provinces of Alagoas and Ceara; it is 
used in building. 

Order of Combretaceae. 

Terminalia acuminata. All. — Or Guarajiiba, used for boards 

and interior work. 
Terminalia tingens. All. — Merendiba, for dyeing. 
Terminalia merendiba. All. — For limited use in building. 

Order of Rutaceae. 

Quassia sp. — We only know the Quassia wood of Parana, of 
which drinking glasses are made that im- 
part a bitter taste to the waters drank 
from them ; it is a tonic. 

Galipea alba. S. H. — The Arapoca of the forests; the wood 
is little used, although of a beautiful yel- 
low color. 

Evodia febrifuga. S. H. — The Wild Orange of the forests; 
it is little used. 



— 11 — 

Simaruba officinalis. S. H. — The Marupa of medicinal ap- 
plication ; the wood is also used for inte- 
rior work. 

Simaruba versicolor. S. H. The common name is Para- 
hiba in the province of Alagoas, where it 
is used for cabinet purposes. The grain 
is smooth, white, easily cut and polished. 

"Zantoxylum spinosum. S. H. — Tinguaciba, a thorn tree but 
little valued. 

Order of Tiliaceae. 

Apeiba Tibotirbou. Aubl. — It is the only tree of this order 
known in Brazil ; it is a native of the 
northern provinces, and is now cultivated 
in the Botannical Garden of Rio de Ja- 
neiro. The jangadas or fishing smacks are 
made of this wood. 

Order of Melastomaceae. 

Lasianpra papyrus. Pohl. — A tree yielding the paper ot 
Goyaz, on the Serra Dourada; the 
branches cover themselves by exfoliations 
of the epidermis, with sheets of paper of a 
very original appearance. It is a genuine 
curiosity for any museum, and is of great 
interest to botanists. To this family be- 
longs the Jacasirao of Rio de Janeiro — 
Miconia mille flora. 

Order of Erythroxyleae. 

Erythroxylum utile. Said. — Or Arco de Pipa (sloop-pole), a 
small tree of very hard wood, good for 
railroad sleepers and for under-water 
works. 

Erythroxylum (aureolatum ?) — Sobragy, used for building 
purposes. 

Order of Bombaceae. (Sect, of Malv.) 
Eriodendron samahuma. — The largest tree of the Amazon , 
the fruit contains a flock of silk, much 
sought for mattresses. 



12 — 






Bombax munguba. Mart. — The fruit also contains silk ; the 
bark of the trunk furnishes texible mate- 
rial for coarse ropes. 

Chorisia speciosd. S. H. — The silk-tree of Rio de Janeiro, 
lepresented in the Agricultural Hall by a 
large quantity of flocks of silk. 

Pachira princeps. — A nut-tree of Maranhao, the fruit of 
which is eatable. 

Order of Malpighiaceaex 

Byrsonima chrysophylla, — Murecioi the sandy soils ; its satiny 

wood is but little valued. 



The Mango-trees which grow on the coast of Brazil, in 
salt water, form a special zone of vegetation, whose types 
are : the Rhisophora mangle, the Avicennia nitidd (Ratimb6 
or wood for fences), the Bucida buceras, tea, &c. 

The numerous species of Palms, which gives so peculiar a 
character to the vegetation of Brazil, are not extensively 
represented in the Exposition from our country; only the 
Copemicea ceriferd occupies a distinguished place, through 
the hats and mats, woven of its leaves, and the crude wax, 
of which candles are manufactured, also extracted from the 
leaves. Besides this specimen of the vegetable kingdom, 
some other palms are exhibited on account of the brilliance 
of their textile matter. 

Finally, we will mention the Bois de rose, or^Brazilian 
Rosewood, so highly esteemed in Europe, as a species of 
Physocalymma florida, which is also known by the common 
name of Sebastino de Arunda. We have several specimens 
at the exposition. 

Philadelphia, May 15th, 1876. 

DR. JOSE de SALDANHA da GAMA, 

Member of the Brazilian Commission and 
Professor of Botany in the Polytechnical 
School of Rio de Janeiro. 






c C 






c c 



r .cc: 



CI: 











I 


Sg V. 


* cc 


<:::; 






C <!••" 


«c 




«C C<1'"_ 






'"4COCL:-..- 






«d< c. 


' 




"CTC'd"" 


• 




«cc <: 






^oc: 




<cc 


erc^c 





<7«"'C 

<c:< c 
■'<:<. c 

~<~ C C 

«rc e 

ex. c 






?:ic c 

CGC 

t ^cc c 

at— «?c 



<c 

cc 



53cc 



C.C 

CC 

c c 



cc 
c c 



■■■: 

cc 



<L£ 



C 
c £ 

c c 

«2cC 

c 



c c <«■ 

c <- ■ 
• C i C C *I< 
C <C 

c«£2 

c • 

C: <« 
: CC 

< 
"'*CT <?« 

Cj: <c<J' <:"c 

cm 

C C 

C (4 C 

c • $=•- 






<c 



■ C 
<C 



■or 

<c 

or < 
*:. <l 

<r <r 



«C«C 

or 

d 
ci 

-cc. 









■d''"c -s 



C 

~ < c: 



c:;< 



. B 



CL ; ,C_, 

^ sir 

C Cc 






r.*$i 



<zl c c: 'o 

'.'«C CC c 

<d < c o 

" C < < 

; c < c 
JEL, cc cc 

L CC:<1 CC « 
QC c c cc 

<:<_: cc cc:? 

<<C cc <C1« 
3C cc 5 

::<d cc <x<. 



jC<_.c< c<3C 

C<-c c^t < 
c «£ 

<C cc 

c c: 



• <d '&$ 
<^ SI 

C<C 

1^ ci 



HO 



c«cr 



can«: 



